Tuesday, January 24, 2017

Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness

Taken   from  http://ilslearningcorner.com/2017-01-brain-gym-simple-brain-gym-exercises-to-awaken-the-brain-for-learning-readiness/

Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness

This article provides helpful Brain Gym activities to activate learning in the brain. This article is meant to be an overview. Future articles will more thoroughly explain Brain Gym exercises. Affiliate links are included for your convenience.
Do you find it interesting that we often complicate our child’s educational experience? It’s easy for us to get caught up in developing elaborate and grand ways to help them outperform other students or meet certain requirements, but is there a more simple solution?
Sometimes we want a “miracle” or “jaw dropping” technique to make our children read or complete difficult math problems, but it’s often the most simple and easy methods that can make the most difference in your child’s learning.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com
Dr. Paul Dennison, creator of “Educational Kinesiology,” Brain Gym activities, agrees. As he worked with students early in his career, he found when students were stressed or inactive throughout the day, their learning ability “switched off.” If parts of the child’s brain become inactive, how can they learn? As he began integrating Educational Kinesiology, or learning through movement, into his every-day interactions with students, the child’s brain was “awakened” for higher learning.
In Smart Moves, Carla Hannaford says, “Brain Gym facilitates each step of the process by waking up the mind/body system, and bringing it to learning readiness.”
In our society today, we often see the body and the mind as separate and that movement has nothing to do with learning. Many parents and teachers find physical activities “too simple” and “too good to be true” to actually make a difference in a child’s learning challenges or classroom experience. Hannaford says, “If a program is not hard, time-consuming and costly it appears to have less value. But, as we are able to step past our limited thinking, we are finding out that simple common-sense solutions often produce the most profound results.”
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com

Brain Gym – Targeting Areas of the Brain

Dennison created a series of Brain Gym movements to directly target and stimulate the brain to help a child reach their academic potential. The idea behind Brain Gym is to use physical movement to access different parts of the brain. Parents and teachers can use these types of movements to help their child or student based on behavior, comprehension or retention, organization, executive function, and communication.
To get a better overview of how Brain Gym targets each area of the brain, you can use the following breakdown as a guide to target certain areas for different types of learning.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com

Brain Gym Exercises

To help your child in each of these areas of development, here are the three simple Brain Gym exercises listed above to activate your child’s mind for higher learning concepts. Each activity should be completed at the child’s pace and for as long as the child needs to ensure the exercise is effective. If you need a mat to complete any of these activities, click here.

Cross Crawls

We have already talked about how important it is for your child to cross the midline. Now, we need to encourage them to participate in activities that do just that. Cross crawls is one of the most important exercises you can do with your child. The purpose of this exercise is to improve communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain for higher level reasoning (critical thinking, problem solving, auditory, organization and more).
Have your child or student stand up straight and lift their left knee. Instruct them to put their right hand on their left knee, crossing the midline of body. After they put their right hand on their left knee, have the child switch by lifting the right knee and putting the left hand on the right knee. Movements should be done slow and accurate. Sometimes children tend to do these exercises too quickly and rush through them.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com
If the child or student can’t do this exercise or if they place their same hand on their same knee, this is a sign they cannot cross the midline of their body and you may need to help them place their hand on the opposite knee until they are able to do it on their own. Continue the exercise at least 10 times, at a minimum of three days a week.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com

Brain Buttons

Brain buttons are meant to stimulate blood flow to the brain and activate the Reticular Activating System (RAS), which is your child’s internal alarm clock that tells the brain it needs to be awake for learning. Its purpose is to awaken the child and help them to stay alert, especially if they are sluggish, fidgeting, or are prone to low-energy or problems with attention and focus.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com
Have your child or student stand up straight and place one hand over their navel (bellybutton). At the same time, have your child take their thumb and index finger and place the two fingers directly under their collar bone (clavicle). Both hands should be on the tummy and the collar bone at the same time. Have your child or student hold that position for at least 30 seconds or as long as it takes for the child to begin feeling re-energized. This exercise is especially good for children before taking a test or big exam.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com

Hook-Ups

Hook-Ups are specifically used for children or adults that have great amounts of stress, anxiety, meltdowns or sensory overload. It’s a great activity to calm the body and help your child control their breathing. You can complete this exercise standing (preferred), sitting or lying down on the ground.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com
If your child is standing, have them cross one foot over the other (legs always straight). Now, have your child stretch out their arms and cross them in front of their body. As they are crossed, have the palms of the right and left hands touch together and lock fingers.
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com
Have your child loop the hands underneath the arms and pull the arms close to the chest (twisted into a pretzel).
Brain Gym: Simple Brain Gym Exercises to Awaken the Brain for Learning Readiness | ilslearningcorner.com
Hold this position for 2 to 5 minutes or for as long as they need to calm the body.

Brain Gym and Psychomotoric Youtube Video





What is Working Memory?

Our memory is the core of our learning and ability to function successfully within our environment. We need to remember what we hear, see, feel, smell and taste in order to process, analyse and form conclusions about our experiences. In school, children need to remember facts, dates, numbers, spellings and many other key elements that form our education. 

Our working memory is a temporary system for storing and managing the information that passes by quickly, but is needed to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning and comprehension. This information is not required to be remembered forever and is only needed for short term. Short term memory has a limited capacity (not much of it can be stored) and it has a rapid loss of information as it is only stored for a limited time to be used at that time.

Children with working memory difficulties are often seen as having poor concentration and attention. They are easily distracted and lose their train of thought whilst another replaces it. Working memory difficulties will make it hard for the child to follow instructions and retain information. This can result in them being poor at subjects like mental maths because once they are distracted away from the task the information that should have been held in the working memory is gone and they have to start all over again.


It has been observed that children with coordination difficulties will also tend to have working memory difficulties. This is because they are distracted by consciously thinking about coordinating their movements, so that the information that should be held in their working memory is lost. Learning will become difficult for these children and they lose motivation or they start guessing the answers and appear not to have understood the question or the process.

Children with dyspraxia are 7 times more likely to have poor visual-spatial memory than those without motor difficulties. Visual-spatial memory is used for remembering directions and locations as well as in tasks such as handwriting and maths. It is therefore essential to be able to hold such information in the working memory to function at a level expected of their age. These children could have a high IQ, but would still underachieve in school if they have working memory difficulties.
  

Intervention

 Intervention for improving the working memory is vast and can be categorised into the component parts of the Auditory, Visual and Tactile memory. It is usually the auditory and visual memories that are concentrated on in schools and needed for classroom learning. An Occupational Therapist can assess the child for specific working memory difficulties as each sense has different aspects to it e.g. visual-spatial, visual-closure, visual-figure-ground, visual-discrimination as well as similar aspects of the auditory system including sound pitch, sound sequencing and sound intensity.

When working on the development of visual memory the role of language in labelling and fixing visual experience and visual imagery is of great importance. With visual working memory the therapist concentrates on recall of displayed material (with delayed recall). The identification and reproduction of colours, shapes, forms, symbols, letters, words and sentences as well as recent visual experiences are used. Sequential memory is also worked on as this has a great impact on reading and spelling.

Below is a game that is beneficial to developing the visual working memory. This idea would be graded and adapted by the therapist to suit the individual child. It is therefore important to have an assessment carried out by a trained therapist.
  
 The training of auditory working memory and auditory sequencing involves accurate repetition of known sequences or colours or numbers presented to the child for recall. This is usuall graded and increases with difficulty as the child progresses. This is essential for understanding, retaining and following instructions. There are numerous different activities that can be used for training the auditory working memory.


Individual treatment programmes that are also beneficial to the whole class are often given to teachers by the Occupational Therapist. This ensures that the required amount of treatment is easily encorporated into the school's routine and the other children benefit from the programme as well. The general recommendation for improving a child's working memory is to develop effective coping strategies with situations in which the child may experience working memory failures. This includes:

  • Encouraging the child to ask for forgotten information where necessary.
  • Training in the use of memory aids
  • Offering encouragement to continue with complex tasks rather than giving up (even if the steps are not completed due to memory failure)

Arming the child with such self-help strategies will promote their development as independent learners who are able to identify and support their own learning needs.



10 Brain Training Programs to Check Out

Taken from http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/11593.html

10 Brain Training Programs to Check Out

Sharpen attention, improve behaviors, and control emotions with our top picks for brain training programs for children and adults with ADHD.

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A child with ADHD, using one of the 10 best brain training programs on her tablet

SPONSOR MESSAGE
Brain Balance Program (brainbalancecenters.com)
Brain Balance co-founder Dr. Robert Melillo says that ADHD is caused by a “functional imbalance of under-connectivity of electrical (brain) activity within and between the right and left sides of the brain.” Melillo asserts that by stimulating the weaker side of the brain, you can reduce or eliminate many of the learning and behavioral symptoms that come with disorders like ADHD. The Brain Balance Program, available at Brain Balance Achievement Centers across the country, combines sensory-motor and cognitive and academic activities, along with nutritional testing, to improve right-brain connectivity. Brain Balance professionals assess all areas of the brain and body before developing a customized program for a child.
Brain-training research is still young, but studies suggest that some forms of brain training have positive effects on a child’s ability to learn, his behavior, and his emotions. We don’t know exactly how brain-training programs work to deliver their benefits. More research needs to be done. Still, parents may want to check out the following programs to see if they address their child’s needs.
C8 SCIENCES (c8sciences.com) Developed by neuroscientists from Yale University, C8 Sciences’ ACTIVATE program is designed for children with ADHD, autism, executive function disorder, and other cognitive deficits. The company’s program for home use — made for a computer or a mobile device — combines cognitive function games with a 20- to 30-minute exercise program, three to five times a week. ACTIVATE is designed to enhance memory skills, improve the ability to pay attention, and boost other cognitive skills.
PLAY ATTENTION (playattention.com) Play Attention is a learning system that uses a high-tech armband to read brain signals indicative of focus or concentration. When you are engaged or paying attention, the brain emits a signal — an attention signature. The armband monitors this signal through the body and transmits it wirelessly to the computer, so your mind becomes the mouse or joystick as you play the video games and complete the interactive exercises. The games teach you to improve focus, ignore distractions, develop memory skills, and finish tasks.
FIT BRAINS (fitbrains.com) software from Rosetta Stone targets six major brain areas, improving concentration and problem-solving. It is also available as a mobile app for iOS and Android, with 40 brain-training games. The games promote crucial brain skills, such as memory, processing speed, and visual-spatial recognition. The Fit Brains system tailors each exercise to a child’s needs.
MY BRAIN SOLUTIONS (mybrainsolutions.com) uses a suite of 20-plus games and exercises on its website to give individualized assessment and strategies to improve cognitive and emotional skills, including memory, focus, stress reduction, and positivity. The program is designed for children over 13 (and adults) and offers personalized recommendations for improving brain health.
BRAINBEAT (brainbeat.com) is the home version of Interactive Metronome, a neurotherapy program used by more than 20,000 therapists and doctors. It is a computer-based cognitive trainer that uses a metronome-like tool, along with a headset and hand gear. Kids have to clap in rhythm while “conquering different animated worlds.” Kids participate in fourteen 20-minute sessions in which they listen to beats, clap hands, and “receive instant, measurable feedback through scoring, sounds, and light cues.” Research suggests that keeping a precise beat — called neurotiming — may be important for focus, working memory, and language processing skills.
ATENTIV (atentiv.com) uses a child’s “cognitive signature” of EEG brainwave activity to measure attention, second to second. Atentiv has a headband containing an EEG-based brain-to-computer interface that precisely measures attention levels in real time. Children play the specialized video game on a computer or mobile device, using their attention levels to make their moves (no keyboard is used). Playing the game helps a child identify her “attention muscle” and strengthen it. Atentiv reports that “eight hours over an eight-week period improves a child’s academic performance and behavior at home.”
MINDSPARKE (mindsparke.com) has developed a set of video games designed to improve IQ, academic performance, and test-taking. Their product, Brain Fitness Pro, is available in a variety of forms, including “Jr.” (for kids 6-11) and “IC” to help with impulse control. MindSparke can also be used to improve academic performance and enhance studying for high-stakes tests. According to MindSparke research, doing meditation, in addition to playing the games, can increase mental gains.
MYNDLIFT (myndlift.com) is a mobile neurofeedback app aimed at improving focus and attention. It uses real-time brainwave measurements and visual/auditory feedback. This type of brain training has been available only in clinics and professional settings until now, so making it available and affordable to more people is a breakthrough. Myndlift is currently in the beta phase of development. It may be available later this year.
BRAINTRAIN (braintrain.com) is a set of computerized cognitive-training systems focused on brain training and cognitive rehabilitation. BrainTrain offers tools to assess ADHD, improve reading, and exercise the brain. It can be used at home or provided through medical and psychological professionals. BrainTrain’s Captain’s Log Personal Trainer offers 50 programs, with more than 2,000 games, that train 20 different cognitive skills. Research suggests that these products can improve memory and attention.

Working Memory in Children

Taken from http://www.parentingscience.com/working-memory.html

Working memory in children:

How to improve attention problems and learning difficulties in kids

© 2010 -2012 Gwen Dewar, Ph.D., all rights reserved

Working memory, also known as WM, is a better predictor of school achievement than IQ.
But kids with WM problems are often misunderstood.
Does your child have attention problems?
Does she have more trouble following directions than do other kids her age?
Then please read this.
WM capacity: How big is your child’s "mental workspace"?
Can you add together 23 and 69 in your head? When you ask for directions to the post office, can get there without writing the instructions down?
Such tasks engage working memory, the memory we use to keep information immediately “in mind" so we can complete a task.
It’s like a mental workspace or notepad—the “place" where we manipulate information, perform mental calculations, or form new thoughts.
Just as different computers have different amounts of RAM, WM capacity varies from person to person. You can see this if you try giving the same verbal instructions to different kids.
“Please give me the red pencil, then pick up the blue eraser and put it in the green box."
Some kids find this relatively easy. Others try to carry out the instructions, but lose track of the details along the way.
This leads to trouble in the classroom.
Kids with low WM capacity may look like they aren’t paying attention.
They often commit “place-keeping" errors, repeating or skipping words, letters, numbers, or whole steps of an assigned task.
They may frequently abandon tasks altogether, not because they are lazy or uncooperative, but because they have lost track of what they are doing.
The problem shows up in many different domains. Math immediately comes to mind, because we all have experience trying to do calculations “in our heads." But low WM capacity affects language, too.
For instance, a child with low WM capacity may find it hard to write sentences. By the time he finishes spelling the first few words, he’s forgotten what he intended to say next. Similarly, he has trouble with reading comprehension. While he’s working hard to decode written words, he loses track of the overall “gist" of the text.
Is this related to ADHD?
Not exactly. Kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have very low WM capacity. But they are also impulsive and hyperactive. It’s possible to have poor WM skills without showing these additional symptoms.
Dyslexia?
According to researchers Susan Gathercole and Tracy Alloway, about 70% of kids with learning difficulties in reading have poor WM skills (Gathercole and Alloway 2007).
What about age? Isn’t it normal for young children to have relatively poor working memory skills?
Yes. The average 4-year old has maybe one-half or one- third the WM capacity of an adult (Gathercole and Alloway 2007). To determine if your child has a problem, you need to compare him to other kids his own age.

Are poor working memory skills a sign of lower intelligence?

Not necessarily. WM seems to be a basic component of intelligence. It affects how kids learn. It also influences how kids perform on tests, including achievement tests and IQ tests.
But we can’t equate WM with overall intelligence. For instance, working memory isn’t the same thing as IQ.
Some kids perform well on IQ tests and yet have relatively mediocre WM skills (Alloway and Alloway 2010).
How is this possible? Tests like the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) have distinct subtests. Some specifically target WM, others don’t.
And it’s likely that there are different kinds of working memory, too. Some kids may have especially poor auditory WM, so that they really struggle with spoken verbal instructions. Others may have very poor visual-spatial WM, making it difficult for them to keep up in math.
So we shouldn’t assume that poor WM means a child isn’t smart.
And here’s an intriguing thought: Maybe we can design training programs that will help kids improve or compensate for weaknesses in WM.
Can you improve WM with computer-based training?
Consider this recent study by Joni Holmes and her colleagues (Holmes et al 2009).
The researchers identified a group of school kids--aged 8 to 11--who performed poorly on the Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA), a test for screening kids with WM deficits.
Next, the kids were enrolled in a computer-based training program developed by Cogmed (Holmes et al 2009). For about 35 minutes a day, kids played computer games that that challenged their working memory skills. Game tasks included:
• Hearing a series of letters read aloud (“G, W, Q, T, F…") and repeating them back
• Watching a battery of lamps light up, one at a time, and then recalling the correct sequence by clicking the correct locations with a computer mouse.
• Hearing and watching a sequence of numbers while they are spoken aloud and flashed on a keypad. After each sequence, the student is asked to reproduce the sequence in reverse order by hitting the correct digits on the keypad.
• Watching a group of “asteroids" move across the screen and light up in sequence. The student must try to recall which asteroids lit up and in what order.
• Watching lamps alight one at a time on a grid, then seeing the grid rotate 90 degrees. Can the student recall the correct sequence--even though the lamps are now in different positions?
For kids in a control group, the difficulty level of these tasks remained easy throughout the study. But for kids in the treatment group, the program was adaptive--i.e., they were given progressively more difficult tasks as their performance improved.
How did the training pan out?
After about 6 weeks of training, researchers re-tested the students’ WM skills, and the results were pretty dramatic. While both groups improved, the kids in the adaptive program did much better. Their average gains were 3 to 4 times higher than those of kids in the control group.
In fact, the adaptive training was so successful that most of the kids were no longer classified as having poor WM capacity for their age.
These results sound exciting, but there is a catch. Subsequent studies have failed to demonstrate that improved performance on these tasks translate into any substantial improvements in the real world.
As Zach Shiphead and his colleagues (2012) concluded after analyzing the published research, "The only unequivocal statement that can be made is that Cogmed will improve performance on tasks that resemble Cogmed training."
This makes wonder if the best approach is to target a few key tasks that kids perform in school -- like arithmetic calculations -- and teach kids how to better perform those tasks.
WM in the classroom: More important than IQ?
In a recent longitudinal study, Tracy and Ross Alloway measured the IQs and working memory skills of 5-year-olds. Then, 6 years later, researchers tested the kids again, assessing not only IQ and WM, but also each child’s academic achievement in reading, spelling, and math.
The results were sobering. Early WM skills were a better predictor of later academic achievement then were early IQ scores (Alloway and Alloway 2010). And, unlike IQ, working memory did not correlate with the parents’ socioeconomic status or educational level.
Who needs help?
Lots of kids. Researchers estimate that about 10-15% of school kids have working memory problems, but these are often misidentified as deficits of attention or intelligence (Holmes et al 2009).
How do we identify kids with low WM capacity? And what can we do to help?
Signs of low WM capacity
Researchers Susan Gathercole and Tracy Alloway describe the profile of a child with low WM capacity (Gathercole and Alloway 2007). Typically, this child
• Has normal social relationships with peers
• Is reserved during group activities in the classroom and sometimes fails to answer direct questions
• Finds it difficult to follow instructions
• Loses track during complicated tasks and may eventually abandon these tasks
• Makes place-keeping errors (skipping or repeating steps)
• Shows incomplete recall
• Appears to be easily distracted, inattentive, or “zoned out"
• Has trouble with activities that require both storage (remembering) and processing (manipulating information)
Gathercole and Alloway suggest strategies for teaching kids with WM difficulties.
For example, they advise teachers to break down tasks and instructions into smaller components. It’s also important to prompt kids with regular reminders of what they need to do next to finish a task.
Kids should be encouraged to ask questions when they have lost their way. And kids may benefit from being asked to repeat key information back. They may also benefit from special training in the use of memory aids--like note-taking.
Can we do even more? The controversial Cogmed research suggests we can train kids to improve at very specific tasks. Perhaps, then, researchers and educators can develop programs that target the sorts of tasks most useful to kids in the classroom.
Meanwhile, screening struggling kids for working memory problems sounds like a good idea. If your child seems inattentive and distracted, it may not be obvious that he would benefit from being taught about memory aids. Identifying a child with poor working memory should help us home in the tactics most likely to help. How do we do this?
Assessment and training
As noted above, the kids in the training study were diagnosed using Tracy Alloway’s Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA). You read more about the test--and download a demo-- here.

If you are interested in WM training for your child, check out Tracy Alloway’s excellent website about working memory, which summarizes her research and offers links to many services. There you will also find information about Jungle Memory, a computer program for kids aged 6-16.
Improving your child's working memory skills: More information For more information about improving your child's academic performance, check out my database of articles about learning and intelligence in children.

In addition, read this article about the ways that gesturing--i.e., "talking" with the hands--may help kids "free up" WM and improve their capacity to learn.
- See more at: http://www.parentingscience.com/working-memory.html#sthash.t7kWHDjl.dpuf

Monday, August 22, 2016

Working Memory

What is working memory?

Working memory is the information you can consciously hold in your mind in any given moment. It is one aspect of executive function, a collection of the brain’s cognitive processes. The two other core executive functions are flexibility and self-control/self-regulation.
Having a strong working memory means you have the ability to retain fresh information long enough to do something with it. However, our working memory is limited by nature. This is why we find it so difficult to remember lengthy sentences and numbers with lots of digits, like phone numbers.
People with strong working memories find it easier to recall and manipulate information they hear without needing to write it down. For example, they can solve a math problem in their heads, remember driving directions they read several minutes earlier, and recall the names of each person in a group they’ve just met.